Articles Of Confederation Essays - United States, Government

Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation was the principal constitution of the United States of America. The Articles of Confederation were first drafted by the Continental Congress in Philadelphia Pennsylvania in 1777. This first draft was set up by a man named John Dickinson in 1776. The Articles were then confirmed in 1781. The reason for the changes to be made was because of state jealousies and boundless doubt of the focal power. This desire at that point prompted the undermining of the archive. As embraced, the articles gave distinctly to a firm alliance of fellowship in which every one of the 13 states explicitly held its power, opportunity, and autonomy. The People of each state were given equivalent benefits and rights, opportunity of development was ensured, and strategies for the preliminaries of blamed lawbreakers were illustrated. The articles set up a national governing body called the Congress, comprising of two to seven representatives from each express; each state had one vote, as indicated by its size or populace. No official or legal branches were given for. Congress was accused of obligation regarding leading remote relations, proclaiming war or harmony, keeping up a military and naval force, settling limit debates, building up and keeping up a postal assistance, and different lesser capacities. A portion of these obligations were common with the states, and somehow Congress was reliant upon the collaboration of the states for completing any of them. Four noticeable shortcomings of the articles, aside from those of association, made it outlandish for Congress to execute its sacred obligations. These were broke down in numbers 15-22 of The FEDERALIST, the political expositions in which Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay contended the case for the U.S. CONSTITUTION of 1787. The first shortcoming was that Congress could administer just for states, not for people; in view of this it couldn't authorize enactment. Second, Congress had no capacity to burden. it was to survey its costs and gap those among the states based on the estimation of land. States were at that point to burden their own residents to collect the cash for these costs and surrender the returns to Congress. They could not be compelled to do as such, and by and by they once in a while met their commitments. Third, Congress came up short on the ability to control business - without its capacity to direct outside relations was a bit much, since most settlements with the exception of those of harmony were concerned basically with exchange. The fourth shortcoming guaranteed the end of the Confederation by making it too hard to even think about correcting the initial three. Revisions could have remedied any of the shortcomings, yet changes required endorsement by every one of the 13 state governing bodies. None of the a few changes that were proposed met that prerequisite. On the days from September 11, 1786 to September 14, 1786, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Virginia had a gathering of there delegates at the Annapolis Show. Too hardly any states were spoken to complete the unique motivation behind the gathering - to talk about the guideline of interstate trade - yet there was a bigger theme at question, explicitly, the shortcoming of the Articles of Confederation. Alexander Hamilton effectively proposed that the states be welcome to send representatives to Philadelphia to render the constitution of the Federal Government sufficient to the exigencies of the Union. subsequently, the Established Convention was held in May 1787. The Constitutional Convention, which composed the Constitution of the United States, was held in Philadelphia on May 25, 1787. It was called by the Continental Congress furthermore, a few states in light of the normal liquidation of Congress and a feeling of frenzy emerging from an outfitted revolt- - Shays' Rebellion- - in New England. The show's alloted work, following proposition made at the Annapolis Show the past September, was to make alterations to the Articles of Confederation. The representatives, be that as it may, promptly began composing another constitution. Fifty-five representatives speaking to 12 states joined in in any event part of the meetings. Thirty-four of them were legal advisors; the greater part of the others were grower or vendors. Despite the fact that George Washington, who directed, was 55, and John Dickinson was 54, Benjamin Franklin 81, and Roger Shermen 66, a large portion of the agents were youngsters in their 20s and 30s. Perceptible missing were the progressive chiefs of the exertion for freedom in 1775-76, for example, John Adams, Patrick Henry, and Thomas Jefferson.

Introduction to Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology

Prologue to Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology Edward Cordero The principal hypothetical viewpoint in human science is called Functional Analysis. Useful Analysis is the hypothesis that society is comprised of various parts that work together to advance solidarity and uniformity. Utilitarian Analysis is in some cases alluded to as functionalism and auxiliary functionalism (Henslin, 2012, p. 24). Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer, both exceptional sociologists, built up this hypothesis since they accepted society is comparable as living beings. By contrasting society with living creatures and their organs, Comte and Spencer inferred that all together for a people or creatures to work appropriately, their organs must cooperate. For this situation, with the end goal for society to be prosperous, individuals must fill in as a group to get it going. Emile Durkheim saw nothing extraordinary about Comte and Spencers judgment. He additionally focused on the possibility that society is comprised of numerous parts that cooperates to satisfy their capacit ies (Henslin, 2012, p. 25). What contrasts Durkheim from Comte and Herbert is that he recognized society as being typical (Henslin, 2012, p. 25) if each piece of society is cooperating as a group. In the event that society doesn't team up, at that point it is considered a strange or neurotic state (Henslin, 2012, p. 25). Robert Merton built up a scale to gauge the outcomes of people groups activity in a general public. On the off chance that an individual accomplishes something that is intentional to society, it is known as a show work. In the event that an individual accomplishes something that isn't wanted to enable society to transform, it is known as an inactive capacity. A negative result that makes harm society is known as a brokenness. At the point when functionalists lead their exploration, it is significant that they target huge gatherings, for example, ventures, associations, or structures on the grounds that Functional Analysis is a full scale investigation. Full scale le vel examination is evidently intended to target huge scope designs in the public arena (Henslin, 2012, p. 28). Circumstances that draw in functionalists consideration can incorporate how the pieces of society fit together to make the entire and what each part does, and how it adds to society (Henslin, 2012, p. 25). Utilitarian Analysis is significant in light of the fact that this is the zone that assists sociologists with looking at and clarify social marvels that can have a positive or negative effect. The second hypothetical point of view of humanism is the Conflict Theory. The Conflict Theory is the possibility that society is made of various gatherings that contend each other for rare assets. The Industrial Revolution that changed Europe has incited humanist Karl Marx to build up this viewpoint on public activity. Marx accepts that in a general public, a higher class bunch exists and controls the lower class. As indicated by humanist Lewis Coser, he accepts struggle is destined to create among individuals who are in cozy connections (Henslin, 2012, p. 27). In this way, if a negative change happens in the plan on how force or benefit is circulated in their general public, it could prompt clashes. Strife scholars additionally centers around enormous gatherings when directing exploration since Conflict Theory is a large scale investigation. They target structures, gatherings, nations, and even societies. The quality of the Conflict Theory is that it permits strife scholars to analy ze the difference in a situation and comprehend the contention that tags along. This permits better comprehension on why occasions, for example, fights, happen in the public eye today. At the point when struggle scholars lead examine, they see how contradicting interest go through each layer of society (Henslin, 2012, p. 27) or what causes imbalance in a general public. What additionally gains their consideration is the point at which they attempt to see how the high society controls their capacity on the lower class. The third hypothetical point of view in humanism is called Symbolic Interactionism. Emblematic Interactionism is the hypothesis that society utilizes images that have significance to speak with each other and to comprehend their general surroundings. Sociologists, George Herbert Mead and Charles Cooley, collaborated to plan this hypothesis to all the more likely comprehend our public activity. Emblematic Interactionism is viewed as a smaller scale investigation. Smaller scale examination includes a little gathering while analyzing how an individual uses images to convey and interface in the public arena. The Conflict Theory is significant in light of the fact that it helps strife interactionists investigate how public activity relies upon the manners in which we characterize ourselves as well as other people (Henslin, 2012, p. 23). Since Symbolic Interactionism centers around an individual and their communication with others, this could help lead them to comprehend social request and change in a general public. What draws in struggle interactionalists is the point at which they inspect how individuals bode well out of life and their place in it (Henslin, 2012, p. 23). They take a gander at how every general public dresses diversely or how every social request is extraordinary. In particular, they may think that its intriguing on how images, in spite of having diverse importance in each general public, makes public activity. I will apply the hypothetical points of view of humanism to the Dakota Pipeline Protest, an occasion that has been influencing a general public in the U.S. While applying Functional Analysis to the Dakota Pipeline Protest, analysts would initially need to realize what the show capacity of the Dakota pipeline is. The show capacity of the Dakota pipeline venture is to assemble a 1,200-mile-long pipeline, from North Dakota to Illinois, that will move around 470,000 barrels of unrefined petroleum every day. This is viewed as the most secure approach to ship raw petroleum with respect to natural concerns. The Researchers may likewise be keen on the dysfunctions of the pipeline. The brokenness of the venture is that the pipeline is anticipated to go under Lake Oahe. Any burst from the pipeline could cause a tremendous natural impact. Scientists would likewise be interested about the coordinators. They should think about scrutinizing their explanation behind presenting the task, just as the advantage of the pipeline. The coordinator of the Dakota pipeline, Energy Transfer Partner LP, is the organization that needs to take part in this business of shipping oil. They got the endorsement to push forward with the undertaking since it is the most secure and the most natural benevolent approach to move oil. At last, analysts may likewise need to look at what the conceivable dormant elements of this undertaking will be. A potential inactive capacity of the venture is that it can bring down fuel costs in the U.S. also, cause a lift in the economy. This can likewise prompt minimal effort on power bills or air passages. When applying Conflict Theory to the Dakota Pipeline Protest, scientists may need to initially look at who is the high and low class. The high class in this occasion would be the Government authorities just as the coordinators of the task. The low class would be viewed as the gathering that dislikes the development of the Dakota pipeline. For this situation, the low class would be the Native American clans from everywhere throughout the United States. Scientists would likewise look at what is the reason to the imbalance that is occurring. As per the Native Americans, they have been living in the zone where the pipeline is anticipated to go over. The Government doesn't consider the way this is a hallowed region for them and that Lake Oahe is life for them. Lake Oahe gives them their day by day water gracefully and they emphatically accept water is life. Scientists would likewise be interested about what else the Native Americans are attempting to secure and for what reason do they des pite everything have the enthusiasm to continue dissenting, in spite of the physical maltreatment from the Government. Other than the water, the Native Americans have progenitors who were covered around the territory. It is upsetting for them to observe a development going on in the zone that is important since their precursors. At last, clash scholars would need to know precisely if this pipeline is completely essential for society and whether unreasonable power ought to be utilized against the protestors. Exorbitant power has been utilized on the Native Americans. Government specialists are approved to utilize police hounds, pepper shower, and poisonous gas. These individuals are essentially ensuring their property and they reserve each benefit to voice their interests. They reserve the option to dissent. Representative interactionists would be keen on considering the images that are being utilized by the Native Americans in the Dakota Pipeline Protest. Scientists may likely need to initially check on the off chance that it is simply Native Americans that are engaged with the dissent. They should talk with people and question their race. They should attempt to look at how the venture is influencing people society and to decide whether it is just Native American who are voicing their feelings. Scientists would talk with people to discover how significant the land is to them. It is significant for the analyst to comprehend what the land represents on the grounds that that is the establishment of the dissent. They may likewise look at if the imagery of the land varies to every individual included. Emblematic interactionists may likewise examine the dress of the Native Americans, just as the tunes they sing customarily on the building site. In view of the media, some Native Americans wore conventional garments to speak to their predecessors and to show that they will keep on battling for them. The conventional melodies are sung close to the building site to advance solidarity. The weapons that the Native Americans use to counter the unnecessary power from the Government may likewise pull in scientists. Rather than utilizing firearms or advanced weapons, the Native Americans are seen utilizing sling shots, ponies, or even their banners as weapons. The scientists should talk with people vis-à-vis and question them on their decision of weapon. In light of recordings from media, it shows that these Native Americans are investing heavily into their way of life. Work Cited: Henslin, J. M. (2012). Human science: A Down-to-Earth Approach.

How to Use Argumentative Essay Samples

How to Use Argumentative Essay SamplesThere are several types of APA argumentative essay samples available on the Internet. One of the most effective ways to prepare for the APA exam is to use these persuasive essays. You will need to master all the rules and terms associated with this type of essay before you attempt it. With a little practice, you will be able to turn in an excellent essay that scores high on the APA.An argumentative essay may start with one of two techniques. Either you use a formal structure or you allow your ideas to flow naturally. If you do not know how to use an argumentative structure then it is best to use a formal structure. The professional writers at writingsoftwarereview.com have an article that teaches you how to write an argumentative essay.Another type of persuasive essay is the informal one. This is where the writer allows their ideas to flow naturally without any formal structure. They try to capture the essence of the ideas they wish to convey. In order to write this type of essay you must first understand the basic premise of the topic you are writing about.In the article written by the writers at writingsoftwarereview.com you will learn about three basic styles of argumentative essays. Each style has its own specific guidelines for organizing and structuring the content.Argumentative Essay- the main theme is the main focus of this essay. The emphasis is usually on how the writer feels about the topic. As the essay proceeds, the writer uses a variety of arguments and rhetoric to point out how certain types of behavior is correct or incorrect and how these behaviors could be changed if they were properly defined.Argumentative Essay- this essay is centered around one idea that is presented through a series of arguments and rhetorical tactics. You must remember to place the focus on the idea to avoid losing your readers.Argumentative Essay- this is usually written from the perspective of a listener. The writer presents their p oints as facts must be supported by supporting evidence.In order to turn in an excellent argumentative essay the writer must be knowledgeable about persuasive writing. It takes a lot of hard work to present the right information in the right way. Once you have mastered the content for this type of essay you will be able to turn in an impressive essay that contains a rich blend of theory and insight.

Essay Role of Prisons in Reducing Recidivism - 556 Words

Role of Prisons in Reducing Recidivism The role of prisons and prison wardens in reducing recidivism is a major concern today. With programs initialized in the prison systems, recidivism rates still have stayed about the same for forty years. Almost two-thirds of prisoners will be arrested after their release, and of those, half will return to prison for a new crime. The obstacle faced by professionals to change behavior is a multi-layered complex problem that needs to be addressed in our society today. Different views and opinions are given, and they do not lesson the impact of each other, but a multi-dimensional program should be utilized to achieve the goal of recidivism. Professor Alex Holsinger of the University of Missouri†¦show more content†¦These ways of obtaining statistics are easy to obtain because new arrests statistics for any crime are available. Professor Holsinger also states that a person serving a long time for a crime, (12-15 years), should not be included in a study as a success because they are still in prison. He disagrees with Jack Cowely, a retired prison warden, that the warden is personally responsible. Holsingers believes that the warden is responsible for administrative procedures only and that prison wardens should utilize social service agencies to implement programs. Changing criminal behavior in a person who has had behavior reinforced for many, many years is a difficult problem when the prisoner is only in the penal system for a few years proves to be the greatest obstacle. What Holsinger believes would reduce recidivism would be to implement more resources into cognitive behavior curriculum that specifically addresses anti-social thinking, anti-social thoughts and attitudes, and drug and alcohol use and abuse. Professor Holsinger views about recidivism seem quite impressive but increasing resources for prison systems seem non-existent at the present time because of all of the other social aid our government is obligated to. Also, Professor Holsinger did not state anything about the cost effectiveness of all these programs and what the outcome would be if they were utilized. He did not mention the time it would take reduce recidivism for offenders. The belief in pouringShow MoreRelatedLong Term Effects Of Reentry Programs On Reducing Juvenile Recidivism Essay943 Words   |  4 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reducing Juvenile Recidivism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By: Tiffany Gilliam La Salle University PHLT 752: Capstone I Introduction Nearly, 5% of the world s population is represented by the United who possesses 25% of the world s prisoners (Liptak, 2008). Approximately 2.2 million prisoners are awaiting pre-trial and 1.6 million post-trial inmates are incarcerated in city, state, and federal prisons throughout the United States, equating toRead MoreDeterminate Sentencing, Impacts, and Recent Trends986 Words   |  4 Pagesmandatory minimum jail and prison sentences: 4 Role of Mandatory Sentences in Reducing Recidivism: 5 Conclusion: 6 References: 6 Introduction: The legal system is reliant on two different approaches for sentencing the offenders. The determinate and indeterminate sentencing is discussed in detail. The recent trend towards determinate sentencing and their impacts are also elaborated. The reasons for choosing determinate sentencing and its role in reducing recidivism are also discussed in the followingRead MoreThe Effect of Rehabilitation and the Rate of Recidivism1727 Words   |  7 Pages With the highest incarcerated rate in the world, does the United States prison systems offer quality rehabilitation or just punishment? According to data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics, there was approximately 706 prisoners per 100,000 residents, or about 2.2 million prisoners in 2012 and within 3 years, almost 6 out of 10 released inmates will be rearrested and half will be back in prison. According to data from www.gpo.gov , the vast majority of prisoners are not rehabilitated. Two-thirdsRead MoreSimulation Strategies For Reducing Recidivism Risk1318 Words   |  6 PagesTaxman, F. S., Pattavina, A. (2013). Simulation Strategies to Reduce Recidivism Risk Need Responsivity (RNR) Modeling for the Criminal Justice System. New York, NY: Springer New York. Currently, there is little use of evidence-based programs or best practice within correctional settings. There is some consensus that offenders’ programs do not produce expected outcomes. Valid risk and assessment tools should be used, being able to identify is an offender is open to altering their behavior. UsingRead MoreCaleb Roberts . Pols 602. Final Paper. Ab109 Prison Realignment:1478 Words   |  6 Pages Caleb Roberts POLS 602 Final Paper AB109 Prison Realignment: An Examination of California s Historic Legislation INTRODUCTION In 2011, California Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. signed Assembly Bill (AB) 109 into law. The purpose of this historic legislation, was to enable California to finally close the revolving door policy for lower-level convicted felons coming in and out of the state’s 33 prisons. AB 109 was also the key piece of legislation for California’s solution to abide by a federalRead MoreThe Strain On Taxpayer s Money Essay1429 Words   |  6 PagesBureau of Prisons, on average, it costs 31,286 dollars to house one inmate. Some Maximum-Security prisons cost as much as 60,000 dollars an inmate and goes on to name that the most expensive prison, Guantanamo Bay in Cuba, costs approximately 90,000 dollars a year (The Law Dictionary, 2012). While the thought of alleviating the cost associated with jails and prisons, is an unreachable goal, the goal of lowering the number of recidivist and in turn lowering overcrowding is attainable. Prison programsRead MoreEvaluation of Correctiona l Education Essay1126 Words   |  5 Pageseducation programs focus on prisoner’s way of thinking and ability to make decisions. One of the many reasons criminals keep returning to prison is because they are often times released after many years of being incarcerated and have no assistance while returning to society. Correctional education programs are designed to eliminate such way of thinking so prison re-entry rate will drop. Programs such as Preparing Inmates for Re-Entry through Assistance, Training, and Employment Skills (PIRATES) areRead MoreEssay On The Effectiveness On Recidivism994 Words   |  4 PagesOffenders in Treatment it’s and Effectiveness on Recidivism For my Policy Analysis and Grant Proposal Topic, I have chosen to focus on the effectiveness that treatment has on offenders and the rate of recidivism. I believe that offenders who receive treatment while incarcerated will be less likely to re-offend compared to offenders who do not receive treatment while incarcerated. Furthermore, it is my belief that offenders who engage in community aftercare treatment once released from custodyRead MoreLength Of Treatment Analysis875 Words   |  4 PagesThe length of treatment, not the classification risk of the offender, was found to be a significant variable of recidivism as those who received a longer length of treatment were less likely to be re-arrested Evans et al. (2011). Because not all offenders are guaranteed treatment, in some circumstances there is no length of prison-based treatment. In order to continue to reduce the prison population and provide treatment to offenders, early parole programs have been developed. Treatment through EarlyRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency And Juvenile Criminal Justice System1475 Words   |  6 Pagesthe effectiveness of his work (Mack, 1909). In an attempt to keep juveniles out of prisons and focus on reforming the offender, many different rehabilitation programs became popular. Boot camps are one of the most popular forms of crime prevention and rehabilitation for juvenile delinquency. Many people believe that these boot camps are a beneficial alternative, citing that they effectively reduce costs and recidivism rates. Whether or not these camps are effective is a highly debated issue and has

Pre-sentence Reports - 1650 Words

While looking at research done in Scotland and Canada, Pre-sentence reports (PSR), which are noted as Social Enquiry Reports within Scotland, are considered to be a key and influential aspect within their Criminal Justice System and the decision process on the subject of sentencing a custodial or non-custodial sentencing. While the idea of PSR’s are simple, to provide the court with personal information about the offender, such as circumstances that proved to be such a challenge, that he or she had abnormally excelled and expressed the ability to change for the better, and or have demonstrated that they have had a faulty character that could proveproves that a harsher sentencing is appropriate, or any other relevant information that the†¦show more content†¦The reason to this being a problem is because defence solicitors are under time restraints and therefore may not be able to get all the valid points of the report due to editing (Tata et all, 2008). Fourthly, the s tyle of the report to include the judges standards of being suitable to the sentencing and the National Sstandards of a PSR remain impartial to the offender and these two standards constraints the CJSW from expressing themselves (Tata et all., 2008). Finally, judges at times feel that CJSW do notn’t challenge the narrative enough and test the offenders story for it to even be considered (Tata et all., 2008). The CJSW documentation expresses situations where discrepancies were noted through reports, therefore destroying its credibility (Tata et all., 2008). For CJSW, striving to find a realistic sentence for an offender in the eyes of a judge is a difficult task, which can often, if quality of PSR is not up to the judges’ liking, effects the judges’ his or hers decision and therefore have an alternative effect on the offender (Tata et all., 2008). To further demonstrate the results of the realism of a PSR, a judge (Westword Sheriff 7 (ii)) states that â€Å"†¦ if the report’s unrealistic†¦ I think it does diminish the quality of the report. It diminishes the validity and the value of the report, if you’re getting such an unrealistic suggestion†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Tata et all., 2008 p 841).Show MoreRelatedPretrial Release and Diversion Programs918 Words   |  4 Pagesof being a criminal will improve the juveniles life chances. Sentencing and Pre-sentencing Sentencing and pre-sentencing are important steps in a defendants trial. The sentence is a defendants punishment. It comes at the conclusion of a defendants trial. Criminal sentences have generally been focused on imprisonment, but criminal sentences can include things outside of prison sentences. For example, sentences can include restitution, probation or parole, community service, counseling, orRead MoreCriminal Justice Process for a Felony1790 Words   |  7 Pagesby law are; pre-arrest, arrest, initial court appearance, grand jury, preliminary hearing, arraignment, plea bargaining, trial, sentencing, appealing and the last is corrections or incarceration. The justice process is so detailed and strongly profound within the law. Some procedures are modified by the local courts. For instance, a case through the Michigans justice system progresses as follows. After the police are notified of the crime that has been committed, that is when the pre arrest stageRead MoreThe International Federation For Human Rights930 Words   |  4 Pageshuman rights – civil, political, economic, social and cultural – as stated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (â€Å"FIDH Annual Report 2014†, n.d.). They seek to accomplish this mission with three strategic pillars of action: securing the freedom and capacity to act for human rights defenders, the universality of rights, and their effectiveness (â€Å"FIDH Annual Report 2014†, n.d.). The organization relies on a vast network of volunteers and local actors to help accomplish their mission. Founded inRead MoreThere Are Many Social And Health Needs Of Prisoners, Some133 2 Words   |  6 Pagesthan 85,500 people, a quarter of them were serving a sentence that ranged between 1 and 4 years, whilst people on recall and serving a sentence of 1 year or less made up a total of 8% (Parliament. House of Commons, 2017). This has been highlighted as this paper will concentrate on short stay sentences within the prison environment as opposed to determinate or indeterminate sentences which make up the rest of the prison population. The Bradley Report stated that the care people need may not always beRead MoreEvaluation Of A Student s Phonic Skills Essay1130 Words   |  5 Pagesattends Poplar Hill Elementary School (pseudonym). Max is seven-years-old, and has attended Poplar Hill Elementary School since Pre-Kindergarten. He receives speech therapy services once a week since first grade, and is missing his front bottom teeth. He performs on a beginning reader (BR) reading level, and a below grade level for mathematics according to his student progress report. Word Study Letter Name Assessment Description of Assessment The purpose of this assessment is to evaluate a student’sRead MoreRussian Stock Market Analysis813 Words   |  4 PagesIn the screening process, the samples need to be sorted by rankings, and if there is no chairman’s statement shown in a one enterprise, it will be filtered directly and then jump to the next firm until all the profitable Russian companies with the report of the chairman are selected out. After investigation, it is found that all five Russian companies on the list are in line with the requirements of the sample: they are Lukoil, Rosneft Oil, Sberbankï ¼Å' VTB Bank and Surgutneftegas. Another group alsoRead MoreProbation and Punishment Essay674 Words   |  3 Pagesdeals with pre-sentence reports, and is specifically designed to help prepare you for your interview with the probation officer. It is designed to help you get fair treatment by the judicial system at this, one of the most important hearings in your case. As in the previous examples, the pr obation officer acts as the judges investigator as the courts advisor. The probation officer performs the investigation, prepares a report, and makes a recommendation to the judge as to what sentence you shouldRead MoreThe Government And Its Effects On The Minority Report By Philip K. Dick1399 Words   |  6 Pagesdystopic stories and novels, and as these stories start to unfold, one can see the flaws in which how government works and how if effects the rest of society. In the Minority Report, written by Philip K. Dick, the mechanisms of the government’s systems begins to show different flaws when surveillance is use to determine the pre-crime of major crimes, and what happens to their citizens once a verdict is reached. Any type of Government surveillance can do more harm than good, due to the fact they invadeRead MorePre Sentence Investigation ( Psi )832 Words   |  4 PagesPre-Sentence Investigation (PSI) are done in criminal cases and used to assist the Court in gettin g a clear picture of the defendant as possible so there can be a fair sentencing hearing. As the probation officer assigned to the offender s case the PSI will be used to make an initial assessment of needs and risks. Pursuant to Rule 32 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure the PSI Report should contain the following: (A) identify all applicable guidelines and policy statements of the SentencingRead MoreA Brief Note On Forensic And, And Medical Examiners1628 Words   |  7 Pagesilluminating the remains is the silver light of the moon. How did the body end up there? How long has it been there? How did this person die? One person, a forensic pathologist, can answer all of these bone-crushing questions. B. Necessary sentences / transition sentences / information/ Definition (1-3) (Citation) 1. â€Å"Forensic pathologists, or medical examiners, are specially trained physicians who examine the bodies of people who died suddenly, unexpectedly or violently† (â€Å"Forensic Pathologist†). 2.

The Great Depression And American Policies - 1819 Words

It is debatable as to what extent the Great Depression was the result of American policies in the 1920s. Many historians may argue that the cause of the Great Depression cannot be easily defined and identified due to the fact that there are many other factors which must also be taken into consideration. Some historians may argue that American policies were the largest contributing factor towards the Great Depression for many reasons, such as the underlying weaknesses in the US economy in general, which could be identified many years before the depression began in late 1929. Many examples of this can be identified, such as the Republican policies that President Hoover believed in and specific taxes that were introduced during the 1920s which resulted in international trade eventually coming to a standstill. However, it can be argued that there are many other factors which are also linked with one another when attempting to understand to what extent a certain factor contributed towards the Great Depression. For example, there were many underlying issues in 1920’s America that were indicating that the boom was under threat many years before the Depression had actually began. This can be seen through identifying just some of the many problems in USA at the time, such as when people were ‘buying on margin’, ‘buying on credit’, the banking crisis and the issues with ‘supply’ and ‘demand’ eventually leading to unemployment and lastly the ‘stock market crash’ in late 1929.Show MoreRelatedAmerican Foreign Policy After The Great Depression1390 Words   |  6 Pages Between 1920 and 1941 the paradigm of American foreign policy completely shifted from the Isolationism to Interventionism for valid reasons. First the economic and socially challenging home front crisis of the Great Depression kept American citizens and politicians busy with domestic policy. Additionally the disillusionment of people w ith WWI caused America to avoid war at all costs. However, the rising threat of fascism in Europe forced America to defend democracy and help its allies. The firstRead MoreEssay on Roosevelt and Hoover DBQ1428 Words   |  6 PagesRoosevelt and Hoover DBQ The Great Depression quickly altered Americas view of liberalism and therefore, Roosevelt can be considered a liberal and Hoover a conservative, despite the fact that they did occasionally support very similar policies. The United States experienced political shifts during the Great Depression, which are described by Arthur Schlesinger’s analysis of eras in which public objectives were placed before personal concerns. It seems that the public view of what constitutesRead MorePresident Roosevelt s New Deal971 Words   |  4 Pagesout of the Depression that It plunged into during the Herbert Hoover administration. The Great Depression happened through a myriad of events that ranged from bank failures to the stock market crashing multiple times in a short amount of time. The nation s economy was in turmoil and unemployment and poverty were at an all-time high and something had to be done to stop this economic free-fall. FDR and his political cabinet called the â€Å"Brain T rust† decided to take the Great Depression head on withRead MoreSocial and Economic Impact of The New Deal Essay966 Words   |  4 PagesImpact of The New Deal Prior to the great depression, the U.S. economy alternated between periods of prosperity and sharp economic decline. During the great depression, aggregate demand dropped sharply, causing the price level and real GOP to decline. As aggregate output declined, the unemployment rate jumped, climbing from around 3 percent in 1929 to 25 percent in1933. There were several factors that played a major role in the Great Depression. The main explanation was overproduction ofRead MoreHow Roosevelt And His New Deal Prolonged The Great Depression1395 Words   |  6 PagesAnd His New Deal Prolonged The Great Depression The traditional view of Franklin D. Roosevelt is that he motivated and helped the United States during the â€Å"Great Depression† and was a great president, however, as time has passed, economist historians have begun analyzing Roosevelt’s presidency. Many have concluded that he did not help America during the Great Depression but instead amplified and prolonged the depression. Jim Powell wrote about FDR economic policies and did an excellent job explainingRead MoreGreat Depression Essays1347 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Depression is probably one of the most misunderstood events in American history. It is routinely cited, as proof that unregulated capitalism is not the best in the world, and that only a massive welfare state, huge amounts of economic regulation, and other interventions can save capitalism from itself. The Great Depression had important consequences and was a devastating event in America, however many good policies and programs became available as a result of the great depression, someRead More Roosevelt a Liberal and Hoover a Conservative Essay1079 Words   |  5 Pages Roosevelt a Liberal and Hoover a Conservative Thesis: Because the Great Depression quickly changed Americas view of liberalism, Roosevelt can be considered a liberal and Hoover a conservative, despite occasionally supporting similar policies. Written for the Advanced Placement U.S. History Document Based Question from the A.P. test. Hoover The political shifts in American history during the last two centuries are often explained by Arthur Schlesingers cyclical explanation of eras of publicRead MoreInterpretations of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal1635 Words   |  7 PagesIn the midst of the greatest depression in the history of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt and his committees drafted The New Deal, consisting of policies which they hoped would help all declining facets of the nation at the time. The American people needed to heed a promising leader that would set plans to end the depression, a change from president Hoover who seemed to have no set plan for foe dealing with such economic crisis. The New Deal aimed to stimulate the economy, create jobs,Read MoreAn Analysis Of Lawrence Reed s Great Myths Of The Great Depression 958 Words   |  4 Pagesbecoming president of the Mackinac Center for Public Policy. He stayed in that job for twenty years before assuming the presidency of the Foundation for Economic Education. He holds honorary doctorates from Central Michigan University and Northwood University. Theory Reed’s book, Great Myths of the Great Depression, attempts to argue that the stock market crash of 1929 was merely a normal economic occurrence. Instead, it was government policies enacted in response that exacerbated and prolonged theRead MoreTheu.s. The Great Depression1548 Words   |  7 Pagesthe public and eventually the majority of the government to support the idea of the isolationists: the Great Depression. As this tragic event persisted throughout the decade, it persuaded many variety of citizens of United States to believe that Isolationism was the answer to fix this crisis. The favoring of isolationism in different parts of the country and people influenced the U.S foreign policies in such a way that the United States Government became an isolationist. They believed that with the

Impact of Job Satisfaction over Employee Turnover for Organizations

Question: Discuss about theImpact of Job Satisfaction over Employee Turnover for Organizations. Answer: Introduction (Employee Turnover): According to Chen et al, 2015, the stage at which the organizations are gaining and losing the employees is defined as the employee turnover. The tendency of the employees to remain with the organizations is also referred as employee turnover according to Andrews et al, 2014. This rate is generally measured for the whole companies belong to same industry. If an organization has high rate for employee turnover, then this indicates that employees work for that organization have lesser average working period as compared to other organizations related to same industry. The different actions taken by the organizations to replace the employees who have left the organizations is also described as employee turnover according to Haider et al, 2015. According to Andrews et al, 2014, the significance of employee turnover varies for the organizations as per their size, scope and location. It has been described in different researches that if rate of employee turnover would be high, then morale of other employees would be certainly affected as they have to work for extra time which would resulted in extra stress or burden at the workplace. This will result in lower productivity and absenteeism for the organizations. This will also deteriorate public image of the organization and may also affect their future hires (Gillet et al, 2013). Voluntarily and Involuntary are two major types of employee turnovers observed within the organizations. If the employee himself opts to leave the company, then it is defined as the voluntarily turnover. Retrenchment, dismissal, retirement, physical or mental disability and relocation are some situations raised in case of involuntary turnover of the employees. Job Satisfaction: The positive or pleasurable emotional state resulted from the job experiences or appraisal of individuals job is defined as the job satisfaction. The individual who have high satisfaction level for job always has positive feelings or experiences towards the job, whereas, on the other hand, the individual who is no satisfied with the job always has negative experience or feeling towards the job. Job always requires interaction with employer and colleagues, following policies or rules of the organizations and at the same time, maintaining the performance standards at the workplace. According to Sukriket (2015), job satisfaction is one of significant factors that have attracted the top management within the organizations. The different researches have been organised in order to analyse the impact of the job satisfaction over the productivity level of the organizations. But it has been not found that the job satisfaction impacts the productivity level. Ahmad and Rainyee (2014) also described that an attitude which reflects gratification from the work accomplished by an individual is also defined as the job satisfaction. Personal inspirations and needs of an individual are also some factors which determine altitude with organizational or group factors has also been observed from different researches over the job satisfaction. The degree which describes the negative or positive feelings of an individual for their jobs is also defined as job satisfaction according to Mathieu et al, 2016. The environmental, physiological and psychological conditions that enable an individual to satisfy with the workplace conditions is also described as job satisfaction according to Terera and Ngirande, 2014. In addition, according to Lu and Gursoy (2016), different unfavourable as well as favourable attitudes which an employee has on their job or work are also described as the job satisfaction. Job satisfaction is one of the significant factors for the organizations. The value based on humanitarian enables the organizations to treat employee with respect and in honourable manner. Mental fitness or emotional wellness is some signs for high satisfaction level at the jobs according to Mauno et al, 2014. Utilitarian position can be adopted by the organizations where behaviour of employees will certainly affect business operations of the organizations due to the dissatisfaction or satisfaction of the employees at their job. In addition, according to Helm (2013), level of satisfaction also identifies different factors which can affect the job satisfaction within the organizations and by which organizations can take appropriate measures or steps to improve the conditions at the job or workplace in order to enhance the satisfaction level of the employees. Balance Theory (Impact of Job Satisfaction over Employee Turnover): Balance theory described the theory for attitude change and Fritz Heider has proposed this theory of motivational psychology. The consistency motive in terms of cognitive mainly balances the psychological aspect for attitude according to the balance theory. The motive to maintain beliefs as well as values within a prescribed time frame is consistent with the balance theory (Qureshi et al, 2013). If the positive results are obtained from the affected factors due to liking relationships or sentiments was the main concept behind the balance theory. The theory is mainly based on the POX model in terms of analytical concept. According to this, P Person to be analysed O Person to be compared X Things to be compared that can be impersonal entities including event, idea or physical object. After this, relationship between different factors will be estimated including, L Liking, approving or evaluating U Cognitive unit which is formed like belonging or similarity (Source: Changing Minds, 2016) From the balance theory, it has been analysed that there is a huge impact over the employee turnover due to the job satisfaction. From the POX model, it has also described that there are three factors which can provide the relevance for the research that needs to be done in the report. P Job Satisfaction O Employee Turnover X Type of work, working conditions, promotions, or payments. This is the theoretical framework which defines the impact of the job satisfaction over the employee turnover using the balance theory. From the theory, it can also be visualised that both employee turnover as well as job satisfaction are analogous and interrelated to each other. There are various factors which enhance level of satisfaction at the job or work for the employees within the organizations that certainly help to reduce the employee turnover at the organizations (Chan and Mai, 2015). If the employees are getting appropriate working conditions and type of the work or job at the work place as per their skills or knowledge then it is certain that they will highly satisfied at the job which in result will help to reduce the employee turnover for the organizations. In the same manner, if employees are also getting promotions on the basis of their performance then it will certainly boost their performance level resulted in the enhanced job satisfaction as well as reduced rate fo r the employee turnover. Further, if the employees are getting adequate payments or bonuses on time, then it will also encourage them to enhance productivity level for the organizations that will certainly help them to improve their satisfaction level for the job (Bouckenooghe et al, 2013). This will certainly help to reduce the level of employee turnover within the organizations due to which efficiency of the organizations will also improved and at the same time, also build positive image within the society as well as impact their future hiring. From all the above discussion, it has been concluded that there is a huge and significant impact of the job satisfaction over the employee turnover. Relation between Employee Turnover and Job Satisfaction: From the balance theory, it has been found that both employee turnover as well as job satisfaction is interrelated to each other. It is also analysed from different researches that there is significant impact of the job satisfaction over the employee turnover. Relation between Employee Turnover and Job Satisfaction Significant relationship Non-significant relationship Reference Researches: Haider et al, 2015 Andrews et al, 2014 Mathieu et al, 2016 Terera and Ngirande, 2014 Qureshi et al, 2013 Similarities: The researches which provide significant relationship between employee turnover and job satisfaction defines the positive relation between both of the concepts. Both of the concepts are affected from similar factors which have been described in the researches which mainly include, Working conditions promotions management systems Leadership Policies or procedures Training Reference Researches: Bouckenooghe et al, 2013 Chen et al, 2015 Lu and Gursoy, 2016 Helm, 2013 Tschopp et al, 2013 Differences: The researches which provide non-significant relationship between employee turnover and job satisfaction defines the negative relation between both of the concepts. Both of the terms have been affected from different factors which have been analysed during the various researches, Cultural values Attitudes Religious beliefs Financial status Educational status Gender Marital status Working experience From the above table, one can analyse that there are two situations where one describes the significant relationship between the employee turnover and job satisfaction and other describes non-significant relation between the concepts which have been used during this research. According to Haider et al (2015) and Andrews et al (2014), it has been found that there is significant relation between employee turnover and job satisfaction. These researches indicate that if the employees are getting appropriate working conditions, payments, training, management systems, policies or procedures, organizational structure, leadership, or promotions, then the employees are highly satisfied at the workplace which in result would reduce the rate of employee turnover within the organizations. Further, Bouckenooghe et al (2013), Chen et al (2015) and Lu Gursoy (2016) described that non-significant relation exists between the employee turnover and job satisfaction. There are various examples which prove non-significant relation between the two concepts. The factors like religious beliefs, educational level, gender, marital status, working experience, or cultural values indicate that if these found within the organizations, employee turnover would be high (Tschopp et al, 2014). This means employees are satisfied with their performance level but certain above factors make them to leave the organizations. In addition, retention, economical crisis, non-working of companies are factors which can also cause employee turnover which also indicates that in this cases, there is non-significant relation between the employee turnover and job satisfaction. Proposition: Based on the balance theory and different researches, following propositions can be defined for this research, Job satisfaction has positive impact over the employee turnover. Job satisfaction has negative impact over the employee turnover. There is significant relation between employee turnover and job satisfaction. There is non-significant relation between employee turnover and job satisfaction. Conclusion: From the above discussion, it has been found that both of the employee turnover as well as job satisfaction are deeply interrelated to each other which has also been described in various research studies. There are various ways by which employee turnover can be effectively reduced by affecting the job satisfaction within the organizations. The employee can be encouraged by giving them promotions or bonuses that will certainly motivate them to enhance their performance level which in result will surely improve their job satisfaction level and at the same time, employee turnover will also be reduced in effective manner. Further, by providing standard payment structure and adequate working conditions will also help the employee to improve their satisfaction level for the job which in result will also enhance productivity level of the organizations. This measure will also help to reduce rate of employee turnover within the organizations. The adequate type of work also needs to be planned for the employees as per their skills and knowledge which will surely motivate them to perform in more efficient manner which tends to enhance the level of job satisfaction among the employees. In addition, the cultural factors like cultural values, religious beliefs and attitudes also need to be avoided within the organizations which tend to improve the satisfaction level of the employees and also motivate them to perform in efficient organizational structure. This in result also helps to prevent the employee turnover within the organizations. The various individual factors also need not be considered by the organizations including age, marital status, educational level, financial status or personality that will also enable the organizations to improve satisfaction level of the employees for the job. Due to this measure, employee turnover will also be reduced and also help to enhance productivity and efficiency level of employees which in result provide several profits to the organizations. References: Ahmad, A. and Rainyee, R. (2014) Which is the better predictor of employee turnover intentions: Job satisfaction or organizational commitment? A literature review. International Journal of Information, Business and Management, 6(1), p.2. Andrews, M., Michele, K. and Kacmar, C. (2014) The mediational effect of regulatory focus on the relationships between mindfulness and job satisfaction and turnover intentions. Career Development International, 19(5), pp.494-507. Bouckenooghe, D., Raja, U. and Butt, A. (2013) Combined effects of positive and negative affectivity and job satisfaction on job performance and turnover intentions. The Journal of psychology, 147(2), pp.105-123. Chan, S. and Mai, X. (2015) The relation of career adaptability to satisfaction and turnover intentions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 89, pp.130-139. Chen, I., Brown, R., Bowers, B. and Chang, W. (2015) Work?to?family conflict as a mediator of the relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intention. Journal of advanced nursing, 71(10), pp.2350-2363. Gillet, N., Gagn, M., Sauvagre, S. and Fouquereau, E. (2013) The role of supervisor autonomy support, organizational support, and autonomous and controlled motivation in predicting employees' satisfaction and turnover intentions. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22(4), pp.450-460. Haider, M., Aamir, A., Hamid, A. and Hashim, M. (2015) A literature analysis on the importance of non-financial rewards for employees job satisfaction. Abasyn Journal of Social Sciences, 8(2), pp.341-354. Helm, S. (2013) A matter of reputation and pride: Associations between perceived external reputation, pride in membership, job satisfaction and turnover intentions. British Journal of Management, 24(4), pp.542-556. Lu, A. and Gursoy, D. (2016) Impact of job burnout on satisfaction and turnover intention: do generational differences matter?. Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research, 40(2), pp.210-235. Mathieu, C., Fabi, B., Lacoursire, R. and Raymond, L. (2016) The role of supervisory behavior, job satisfaction and organizational commitment on employee turnover. Journal of Management Organization, 22(1), pp.113-129. Mauno, S., De Cuyper, N., Tolvanen, A., Kinnunen, U. and Mkikangas, A. (2014) Occupational well-being as a mediator between job insecurity and turnover intention: Findings at the individual and work department levels. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(3), pp.381-393. Qureshi, M., Iftikhar, M., Abbas, S., Hassan, U., Khan, K. and Zaman, K. (2013) Relationship between job stress, workload, environment and employees turnover intentions: What we know, what should we know. World Applied Sciences Journal, 23(6), pp.764-770. Sukriket, P. (2015) The relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intention of Thai software programmers in Bangkok, Thailand. AU Journal of Management, 12(2). Terera, S. and Ngirande, H. (2014) The impact of rewards on job satisfaction and employee retention. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(1), p.481. Tschopp, C., Grote, G. and Gerber, M. (2014) How career orientation shapes the job satisfactionturnover intention link. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(2), pp.151-171.